• Fractured reservoir modeling is unified under dual-porosity/matrix–fracture exchange frameworks and crossflow dynamics, enabling realistic multi‑phase flow in fractured systems through three‑dimensional implicit schemes and stable numerical treatment [2], [3], [20], [18].

• History matching and parameterization emerge as core components of model calibration, with automatic history matching and covariance/optimization approaches guiding estimation of porosity, permeability, and crossflow parameters across field and laboratory-scale studies [16], [12], [5], [15].

• Numerical methods and accuracy improvements drive reservoir simulations, emphasizing stable discretizations, direct/implicit solvers, higher-order/point-discretization schemes, and dimensionality-aware reductions to mitigate grid effects and improve predictive capability [10], [13], [19], [14].